Monday, February 18, 2008

Today Kosovo; tomorrow Berwick!

UN peacekeeping forces were moving into position last night as the inhabitants of Berwick declared their independence from England. Secessionists are insisting that opinion polls confirmed that the majority of the population wished to leave at the earliest opportunity and become part of recently independent Scotland. Amid scenes of jubilation in the Border town, there remain anxieties about the fate of the remain ethnic English still living in the disputed zone.

The Prime Minister David Miliband said that the Berwick move was “a flagrant and unilateral act of secession by a part of the territory of England and illegal under international law”. The British government has reacted with fury to the Russian President, Vladimir Putin’s call for all “free peoples” to recognise the right of Berwick to self-determination. America has condemned the Berwick Liberation Front as “moral terrorists” and pledged to lend air support if English nationals are ethnically cleansed from the area. But the European Union has announced that it is willing to open a mission in Berwick to ensure that there can be a peaceful transition.

Fantasy of course. Berwick’s people are much too sensible to take up arms, even if a majority have, apparently, voted to leave England in a referendum organised by the ITV "Tonight" programme. However, Kosovo is a sobering reminder of what happens when nationalism gets out of hand. And no, I’m not going to make any facile comparisons between the SNP and the Kosovan Liberation Army or any other militant nationalist grouping. The Scottish National Party is a civic nationalist organisation, dedicated to democracy, which has stamped down hard on anti-English sectarians. Ok?

Mind you, most nationalists would be happy to see Berwick restored to Scotland and the SNP MSP Christine Grahame has tabled a motion to the Scottish parliament calling for Berwick to “return to the fold”. It’s not inconceivable that, if Scotland were to become formally independent - an eventuality that is no longer being regarded as fantasy in Westminster - there could be genuine border disputes over areas like Berwick, which ‘feel’ Scottish, even if they have been part of England for six hundred years.

It is one of the reasons why unionist politicians insist independence would be divisive. No matter how amicable the divorce between England and Scotland might be initially, when it came to dividing the geographical assets tempers could get frayed. The SNP respond that, in Berwick as in Kosovo, you have to give people the right to decide, by majority vote, which country they wish to be part of. The right of free peoples to self determination is inviolable and enshrined in international law.

True, of course. But who decides who ‘the people’ are? The Kosovan Albanians may have voted for independence, but Kosovo is still legally part of Serbia, which would vote for the province to remain so - if anyone asked. As we know from bitter experience in Northern Ireland, when you start chopping states up, and handing autonomy to oppressed ethnic groups, they have a nasty habit of becoming the oppressors themselves.

The Serbians may have behaved atrociously, trying to “ethnically cleanse” the Kosovo province of ethnic Albanians in the 1990s, but that doesn’t excuse the way in which the Kosovars have treated the Serbian minority population since the end of the war in 1999. Human Rights Watch has issued an urgent called for protection for the Serbian minority in Kosovo, which has been the subject of large scale violence since 2004, when 60,000 Kosovan Serbs were driven from their homes by Albanian militias. Many were murdered. Some 200,000 Kosovan Serbs are still living in camps abroad, unable to return to their homeland.

It would be ironic indeed if the West had to intervene in Kosovo for a second time in ten years to prevent the ethnic cleansing of the Serbs. The dark side of nationalism has never been darker than in the Balkans. In the maelstrom of nationalisms which proliferated after the collapse of the Yugoslavian state, its not easy to identify the good from the bad, the right from the wronged.

All the more reason, then, to ensure that, if Scotland does become independent, it is done in a civilised and humane manner. Now, there is no reason to suppose that the process of Scottish independence, were it to happen, should be any more ‘conflicted’ than the separation of Slovakia from the Czech Republic in the 1993. That “velvet divorce” has become the template for all civic nationalist movements in Europe. There was a bit of a fuss about the division of the Czechoslovak national debt, and whether or not to have a separate currency, but in the end the two sides sorted themselves out, and made a go of it. Indeed, the 5 million Slovaks - who were very much the poor relations in the old Czechoslovakia - have never looked back. Slovakia is one of the fastest growing countries in Europe.

Most of us would assume that Scottish independence would take the Slovakian route, rather than the Kosovan. We do not have a Balkan history of ethnic conflict, dictatorship, war and partition. Our ‘wars of independence’ ended in, er, Berwick hundreds of years ago. Moreover, participation in the European Union would likely ensure a more civilised secession than in the Balkans.

Of course, there are still those who say that Europe would refuse to admit Scotland if it became independent. Some Labour ministers have argued that countries like France would block Scotland’s membership for fear of encouaging regional separatist movements in their own countries. But as in Kosovo, I suspect the EU would be among the first to recognise an independent Scotland - especially as it would be eager to join the euro. There is Realpolitik here. The diplomatic advantage to countries like France from the disintegration of the UK would out weigh the risk of provoking domestic nationalism.

Think of it. Great Britain would be no more, its influence in the European council reduced, its place in the UN Security Council in question, and its stature in the community of nations hugely diminished. England may be the biggest bit of the UK, but the loss of the little bits could be highly damaging to its international prestige. Indeed, my own view is that Westminster - if it is sensible - would plan for a historic compromise with Scotland, giving it all the politically autonomy it seeks so long as it remains formally part of the UK in the eyes of the world.

We would be living apart together; keeping up appearances, while going our separate ways politically. Scotland would remain British under the Crown, a nominal partner in a new confederal United Kingdom. And if that meant handing Berwick back, I suspect the English wouldn’t think twice about it.

4 comments:

Anonymous said...

"We would be living apart together; keeping up appearances, while going our separate ways politically."

Keep up Iain, that's the situation now.

Anonymous said...

It may be the situation now, but the status quo is leading to increased resentment between the two parliaments which benefit neither.

I agree with your contention that we should be aiming for political/fiscal autonomy whilst maintaining some form of constitutional bond. We should also retain a UK defence force (emphasis on 'defence' as we would clearly have independent foreign policies).

Now all we have to do is 'win the hearts and minds' of Newcastle and Liverpool and bring them back(?) under Holyrood's jurisdiction.

Anonymous said...

Im very much in the catagory that the Scotland and England should go there own ways, however im sure a UK made up as a Confederation like Canada would go a long way to releave the pressure that is building between the different countrys that make up the UK.My only concern is after what has happend with Iraq would Scotland be able to veto going to war.

Mike said...

A great blog Iain. Of course the SNP isnt in the least interested in an armed conflict with the Westminster Government. Ireland was never in a position where there was no alternative but a sustained gorilla war with the Westminster System. The developments in international diplomacy has left the need for that type of struggle far behind thank god.

What the western powers have done with Kosovo is a very dangerous precedent that has laid down the challenge to Putin and Russia as a whole. One can be assured that this is not the end of the matter and could lead to some form of interference in the Scottish goal of Independance.

Of course that will come in handy if the SNP Scottish Government decide to challenge the validity of the Act of Union. Lets not forget that under the then Scottish Constitution the People were Sovereign and as Sovereign had the ultimate right to decide the case for or against the Union. From all reports available that was obviously not the will of the Scottish People. The other point that needs to be resolved is that there would be one further meeting of the Scottish Parliament to be held for the disolution of the Scottish Parliament. That never happened and technically the Scottish Parliament could be reactivated at any time if the will was there.

It is certainly an interesting point of Constitutional Law that a group of public sevants signed an act of union which apparently they were not empowered to make.

The clash of Constitutions between the Westminster position that the Parliament is Sovereign through the Queen, and the Scottish Constitution where the People are Sovereign can only be another matter that conflicts with international Laws. The inherited English Government Constitution that Westminster adopted clashes with nearly every active Constitution in other Democratic Political Systems in the World because it brings about the possibility of a Dictatorship by the Government of the day. There is no written powers available in case that happened unlike the Scottish constitution that gives the People the right to remove the Government.

Very complicated I know but based on facts. The one question that needs to be asked is how could an Westminster Constitution make a law when it is brought in by a method that completely condradicts the Scottish Constitution. Especially since part of the act of Union was the concession that the Scottish Law System was kept by Scotland and its People. The Scottish Legal System is based on the Scottish Constitution, therefore the Scottish Judges continued to have the powers to throw out legislation if it clashed with the rights of the Sovereignty of the Scottish Constitution. That means every law made by the Westminster Parliament since 1707 is null and void, because it was never approved by the Sovereign ( the People).

All we really needed was the financial support to raise this matter with the United Nations, which we have as a result of the Scottish Government.I do not for one moment believe Alex Salmond will attempt to just try to win a vote in the Scottish Parliament for a referendum. No I believe Mr. Salmond has further surprises in store for the likes of Brown and Cameron. I would not be surprised if Mr Salmond pulls out a legal challenge to the legality of the Act of Union. The ignorance of the politicians of 1707 was based on a lower class which they believed were there to be dictated to, and in turn were never equiped to even contemplate the possibility that it was fundamentally flawed legilation. It flys in the face of the United Nations charter and the current Constitution of the European Unions Constitutional criteria. Theres money to be made on a five year bet on full Independance